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Description

Human growth hormone, also known as HGH and somatotropin, is a natural hormone your pituitary gland makes and releases that acts on many parts of the body to promote growth in children. Once the growth plates in your bones (epiphyses) have fused, HGH no longer increases height, but your body still needs HGH. After you've finished growing, HGH helps to maintain normal body structure and metabolism, including helping to keep your blood sugar (glucose) levels within a healthy range.

Hormones are chemicals that coordinate different functions in your body by carrying messages through your blood to your organs, muscles and other tissues. These signals tell your body what to do and when to do it. Your body makes over 50 hormones, and many of them interact with each other, creating a complex web of processes.

Your pituitary gland is a small, pea-sized endocrine gland located at the base of your brain below your hypothalamus. It's made of two lobes: the anterior (front) lobe and posterior (back) lobe. Your anterior lobe makes HGH.

Your pituitary gland is connected to your hypothalamus through a stalk of blood vessels and nerves. This is called the pituitary stalk. Your hypothalamus is the part of your brain that controls functions like blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature and digestion. Through the stalk, your hypothalamus communicates with your pituitary gland and tells it to release certain hormones. In this case, your hypothalamus releases growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), which stimulates your pituitary gland to release HGH, and somatostatin, which prevents (inhibits) that release.

Healthcare providers use a synthetic form of HGH (sometimes called recombinant HGH) to treat certain health conditions, including growth hormone deficiency.

What Triggers Human Growth Hormone (HGH)?

Your pituitary gland normally releases HGH in short bursts (pulses) throughout the day. The release of HGH is mainly controlled by two hormones your hypothalamus releases: growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), which stimulates hGH release, and somatostatin, which prevents (inhibits) HGH release.

Several other endocrine hormones also regulate HGH, including insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 is a major suppressor of GH production, whereas thyroxine, glucocorticoids and ghrelin stimulate HGH release.

IGF-1 that's released by your liver is one of the best-characterized effects of HGH activity. IGF-1 plays a critical role in preventing (inhibiting) the release of the HGH through a negative feedback loop by stimulating somatostatin and inhibiting GHRH release. However, HGH and IGF-1 secretion are regulated by each other, where HGH triggers IGF-1 release and the IGF-1 inhibits HGH release in a feedback loop. In healthy people, HGH release is inhibited by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and stimulated by sleep, stress, exercise, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and amino acids.

What Is The Function Of Human Growth Hormone (HGH)?

Human growth hormone has two main functions: stimulating growth (mainly in children) and impacting metabolism (how your body turns the food you eat into energy).

HGH and growth

Human growth hormone triggers growth in nearly every tissue and organ in your body. However, it's most well-known for its growth-promoting effect on cartilage and bone, especially in the adolescent years during puberty. Cells in cartilage called chondrocytes and cells in bones called osteoblasts receive signals from HGH to increase replication and thus allow for growth in size.

Once the growth plates in a child's bones have fused, HGH no longer increases height. Instead, HGH helps to maintain normal body structure throughout the rest of your life.

HGH and metabolism

Metabolism consists of the chemical reactions in your body that change the food you eat into energy. All of the cells in your body need energy to function properly. Several different complex processes are involved in metabolism.

HGH impacts metabolism primarily by increasing the production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its effect on cells in your body. IGF-1 is a hormone similar in structure to insulin that manages the effects of HGH in your body. Insulin is an essential hormone your pancreas makes that helps regulate your blood sugar (glucose) levels by decreasing them. Like insulin, IGF-1 has glucose-lowering effects.

Your body normally carefully regulates your blood glucose levels. Blood glucose, or sugar, is the main sugar found in your blood. You get glucose from carbohydrates in the food you eat. This sugar is an important source of energy and provides nutrients to your body's organs, muscles and nervous system.

Insulin is the main hormone your pancreas makes to lower blood glucose levels when they get too high, and glucagon is the main hormone your pancreas makes to raise glucose levels when they get too low. Other hormones can counteract the effects of insulin, such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and cortisol.

While HGH normally increases blood glucose levels when they get too low, if you have excess amounts of HGH in your body, it can counteract the effects of insulin, causing elevated blood glucose levels.

How Does Growth Hormone Affect Muscle Growth?

Growth hormone can affect your muscles both directly and indirectly. Its direct effects are conveyed by stimulating the production of IGF-1 inside the tissue.

IGF-1 is the main mediator of the anabolic effects of the growth hormone. That's why HGH stimulates IGF-1 production in almost all tissues, and your skeletal muscles are no exception.

Furthermore, HGH can affect muscles indirectly, by stimulating the production of IGF-1 in the liver. Then, the liver releases the mediator in your bloodstream and provides an additional anabolic stimulus to your tissues.

Researchers suggest that both circulating and locally produced IGF-1 affect muscle growth. The hormone does so by changing the balance between muscle protein synthesis and muscle protein breakdown. These processes occur constantly in your skeletal muscles, and the net result determines whether you will grow or lose muscle.

Via IGF-1, HGH appears to reduce protein breakdown and increase synthesis at the same time, which helps preserve a positive net balance and stimulates muscle growth.

Yet, studies suggest that HGH may stimulate growth mainly in people experiencing increased protein breakdown. This includes chronically ill patients such as those suffering from growth hormone deficiency (GHD).

For example, two long-term studies report that 10-15 years of GH replacement leads to a significant increase in both muscle mass and lean body mass in GHD patients.

In contrast, research is mostly mixed regarding the effects of GH on the muscle mass of healthy individuals.

Some small studies report decreased muscle protein breakdown without an increase in synthesis, while others suggest that there is no effect in healthy individuals after acute HGH administration.

Does HGH Therapy Help Build Muscles?

HGH therapy appears effective at increasing muscle mass in individuals who suffer from wasting due to different medical conditions.

Most notably, HGH replacement therapy can revert muscle loss in patients with GHD

In fact, GHD is the main indication for HGH injections. The treatment has been FDA-approved for this condition and helps patients manage the symptoms of GHD, including regaining lost muscle.

HGH therapy works by achieving normal serum growth hormone levels. This leads to an increase in the concentration of IGF-1 in muscle tissue, as well as to the restoration of optimal levels of circulating IGF-1.

Studies suggest that GH therapy increases IGF-1 levels within the first month, but it may take at least 2-3 months until there is a significant increase in muscle mass.

It's important to note that the successful management of GHD-related complaints such as muscle loss requires long-term HGH therapy. Discontinuing the treatment will likely cause the return of the symptoms.

HGH therapy is also FDA-approved for the management of muscle wasting due to AIDS, as well as Tesamorelin. Yet, the therapy is usually applied for shorter periods of time and involves the use of supraphysiological doses.

How Effective Is HGH In Treating Muscle Wasting?

For example, one study reports that 12-week HGH therapy in 178 HIV-infected patients with doses as high as 0.1 mg/kg daily can lead to a 3kg increase in lean body mass on average.

HGH therapy may also help reduce aging-related muscle loss, although the treatment has not been approved for this indication. The condition is also called sarcopenia and its exact causes remain unknown, although some scientists suggest it may be due to oxidative damage and death of satellite cells.

Yet, sarcopenia is a risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality amongst older individuals. HGH therapy may help revert the condition by reducing the age-related increase in oxidative stress that patients with sarcopenia experience.

How To Take HGH Injections For Muscle Growth

Regardless of the medical indication, subcutaneous injections are the widely preferred method of injecting HGH compared to intramuscular administration.

This is because subcutaneous administration extends the half-life of the medication and prolongs its effectiveness after a single injection.

Furthermore, this helps better mimic the natural daily pulsatile secretion of GH by the pituitary gland.