Kisspeptin CAS:374675-21-5

Description

Kisspeptin is a protein present in the hypothalamus (a part of the brain that controls the release of several important hormones in the body). Kisspeptin plays a major role in the control of reproductive hormones in both men and women. Specifically, kisspeptin regulates the release of 'gonadotrophin releasing hormone' (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. GnRH, in turn, stimulates the release of the hormones, luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland, into the blood stream. These two hormones act on the testes in men and ovaries in women to produce sex-steroids, namely testosterone in men and oestradiol in women. Testosterone and oestradiol are the hormones responsible for the physical and emotional changes that occur during puberty in order to transition into adulthood.

Kisspeptin has a non-hormonal role too and was originally named 'metastin' due its ability to prevent the spread of cancer (metastasis).

Clinical data

What is the function of kisspeptin?

Kisspeptin is a neuropeptide (a type of signaling molecule in the nervous system) that plays a crucial role in regulating the reproductive system. It is primarily produced in the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that controls many physiological processes, including the secretion of hormones involved in reproduction.

The primary function of kisspeptin is to stimulate the release of two key hormones: luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland. These hormones, in turn, play essential roles in regulating the reproductive system:

Stimulating Puberty: During puberty, there is an increase in kisspeptin production. This increase in kisspeptin levels is thought to be one of the triggers that initiate the onset of puberty. Kisspeptin stimulates the release of LH and FSH, which are responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics, such as the growth of breasts and the maturation of the testes.

Regulating the Menstrual Cycle: In females, kisspeptin helps control the menstrual cycle. It prompts the release of LH and FSH, which are necessary for the development of ovarian follicles, the release of eggs (ovulation), and the production of sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone.

Supporting Reproduction: Kisspeptin is crucial for maintaining normal reproductive function in both males and females. It ensures the timely release of LH, which is necessary for the production of testosterone in males and for ovulation and the maintenance of the menstrual cycle in females.

Controlling Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH): Kisspeptin acts by stimulating the release of GnRH, another hormone produced by the hypothalamus. GnRH, in turn, regulates the secretion of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland.

Kisspeptin's role in regulating the reproductive system is highly interconnected with other hormones, and its precise function can vary depending on an individual's stage of development and reproductive status. Abnormalities in the kisspeptin system can lead to reproductive disorders, such as delayed or absent puberty and infertility. Research into kisspeptin continues to expand our understanding of how it influences human reproduction and provides potential avenues for the treatment of reproductive-related disorders.

What does kisspeptin do in males?

Kisspeptin is a neuropeptide that plays a crucial role in the regulation of reproductive function in both males and females. In males, kisspeptin acts primarily on the hypothalamus, a region of the brain involved in controlling hormone secretion, to stimulate the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

GnRH, in turn, stimulates the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland. LH and FSH are key hormones involved in the regulation of testicular function and the production of testosterone and sperm.

Therefore, kisspeptin indirectly regulates testosterone production and sperm production by stimulating the release of LH and FSH. It plays a central role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, which is the hormonal system that controls reproduction.

In summary, kisspeptin in males helps to regulate reproductive function by stimulating the release of GnRH, LH, and FSH, which in turn promotes testosterone production and sperm development. Dysregulation of the kisspeptin system can lead to reproductive disorders such as hypogonadism and infertility.

What happens if I have too little kisspeptin?

Thankfully, the lack of kisspeptin action in the hypothalamus due to abnormalities in the relevant genes responsible are rare. When present, a lack of kisspeptin action in the hypothalamus results in insufficient GnRH, and in turn LH and FSH, and eventually a lack of testosterone (men) or oestradiol (women), which is a condition called 'hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism'. Children with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism due to genetic causes (called 'congenital hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism') are unable to proceed through puberty naturally and need hormone treatments to be able to do so.

Kisspeptin's action in the hypothalamus can also be reduced due to other reasons aside from genetic causes to result in decreased reproductive function. One such example in which kisspeptin's action in the hypothalamus is reduced, is called 'hypothalamic amenorrhoea'. Amenorrhoea means a lack of periods. 'Hypothalamic amenorrhoea' is a specific type of amenorrhoea that occurs due to factors that can reduce the normal function of the hypothalamus, such as stress or insufficient energy availability. Research has suggested that in light of kisspeptin's ability to stimulate the hypothalamus to secrete GnRH, giving kisspeptin could be used to restore reproductive health in women with hypothalamic amenorrhoea.

How To Use Kisspeptin

Kisspeptin, like any therapeutic agent, may have potential side effects or adverse reactions, though most of the current research indicates that Kisspeptin-10 is very well-tolerated.

In clinical studies, the most commonly reported side effects have been mild and temporary, often including reactions at the injection site, redness, swelling, or mild pain, which are all fairly common with any injectable medication.

As a result of using Kisspeptin, it's possible that some individuals will begin to experience hormonal fluctuations, which is understandable given its role in GnRH release regulation.

With the release of GnRH and the subsequent secretion of the primary sex hormones, it should be expected that hormone fluctuations will occur, and those fluctuations may lead to potential symptoms like mood changes, shifts in libido, or menstruation irregularities.

Additionally, there is the need to consider potential long-term effects, particularly when Kisspeptin-10 is used to mitigate or treat chronic conditions, however, due to the relatively recent emergency of Kisspeptin-10 and the resulting limitations in clinical research, long-term data is difficult to project.

It's important for anyone considering Kisspeptin-10 therapy to consult with their healthcare provider of choice so that they can receive guidance and recommendations based on their unique personal medical situation.

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